A review on the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis

Jehanzeb   Yousuf; Riyaz Ahmed Bhat; Shahid Hussain Dar; Alisa Shafi; Snober Irshad; Mohammad Iqbal Yatoo; Jalal Udin Parrah; Amatul Muhee; Abdul Qayoom Mir

doi:10.31893/avr.2022005

Keywords:

acute phase proteins

coronavirus

feline infectious peritonitis

Rivalta’s test

Abstract

Feline infectious peritonitis or simply FIP is viral disease caused by coronavirus in cats of less than three years of age. It is manifested as extreme inflammatory reaction in tissues surrounding abdomen, kidneys and brain. This review article discusses various diagnostic tests and their merits in the diagnosis of FIP suspected cases with the purpose of definitive diagnosis. This review can help to compare different diagnostic parameters and also raise awareness about their advantages and disadvantages.
References
1. Addie D, Belak S, Boucraut-Baralon C (2009) Feline infectious peritonitis. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 11:594–604.
2. Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H (2009) Feline infectious peritonitis. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11:594–604.
3. Addie DD, le Poder S, Burr, P (2015) Utility of feline coronavirus antibody tests. J Feline Med Surg 17:152–162.
4. Barker E, Tasker S (2020) Update on feline infectious peritonitis. In Practice 42:372-383.
5. Bell ET, Malik R, Norris JM (2006) The relationship between the feline coronavirus antibody titre and the age, breed, gender and health status of Australian cats. Aust Vet J 84:2–7.
6. Bell ET, Toribio JA, White JD (2006) Seroprevalence study of feline coronavirus in owned and feral cats in Sydney, Australia. Aust Vet J 84:74–81.
7. Boettcher IC, Steinberg T, Matiasek CEG, Hartmann K, Fischer A (2007) Use of anti-corona virus antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis involving the central nervous system. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:199-205.
8. De Groot-Mijnes JD, Van Dun JM, Van der Most RG, de Groot RJ (2005) Natural history of a recurrent feline coronavirus infection and the role of cellular immunity in survival and disease, Journal of Virology 79:1036–1044
9. Fischer Y, Sauter-Louis C, Hartmann K (2012) Diagnostic accuracy of the Rivalta test for feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Clin Pathol 41:558–567.
10. Foley JE, Lapointe JM, Koblik P, Poland A, Pedersen NC (1998) Diagnostic features of clinical neurologic feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Intern Med 12:415-423.
11. Giori L, Giordano A, Giudice C (2011) Performances of different diagnostic tests for feline infectious peritonitis in challenging clinical cases. J Small Anim Pract 52:152–157.
12. Gruendl S, Matasek K, Matiasek L, Fischer A, Felten S, Jurina K, Hartmann K (2017) Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid immunocytochemistry for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis manifesting in central nervous system. J Feline Med Surg 19:576-585.
13. Haagmans BL, Egberink HF, Horzinek MC (1996) Apoptosis and T-cell depletion during feline infectious peritonitis. J Virol 70:8977-8983
14. Hartmann K, Binder C, Hirschberger J, Cole D, Reinacher M, Schroo S, Frost J, Egberink H, Lutz H, Hermanns W (2003) Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 17:781–790.
15. Harvey CJ, Lopez JW, Hendrick MJ (1996) An uncommon intestinal manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis: 26 cases (1986-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1117–1120.
16. Hazuchova K, Held S, Neiger R (2017) Usefulness of acute phase proteins in differentiating between feline infectious peritonitis and other diseases in cats with body cavity effusions. J Feline Med Surg 19:809–816.
17. Healey EA, Andre NM, Miller AD, Whitaker GR, Berliner EA (2022). Outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in shelter-housed cats: molecular analysis of the feline coronavirus S1/S2 cleavage site consistent with a ‘circulating virulent–avirulent theory’of FIP pathogenesis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 8:20551169221074226.
18. Kipar A, May H, Menger S, Weber M, Leukert W, Reinacher M (2005) Morphological features and development of granulomatous vasculitis in feline infectious peritonitis, Veterinary Pathology 42:321–330
19. Kipar A, Meli ML (2014) Feline infectious peritonitis: Still an enigma? Vet. Pathol. 51:505–526.
20. Levy JK, Hutsell S (2019) MSD veterinary manual: Feline infectoius peritonitis (FIP). USA: Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp.
21. Meli M, Kipar A, Müller C, Jenal K, Gönczi E-E, Borel N, Gunn-Moore D, Chalmers S, Lin F, Reinacher M, Lutz H (2004) High viral loads despite absence of clinical and pathological findings in cats experimentally infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and in naturally FCoV-infected cats, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6:69–81.
22. Meli ML, Burr P, Decaro N (2013) Samples with high virus load cause a trend toward lower signal in feline coronavirus antibody tests. J Feline Med Surg 15:295–299.
23. Negrin A, Lamb CR, Cappello R (2007) Results of magnetic resonance imaging in 14 cats with meningoencephalitis. J Feline Med Surg 9:109–116.
24. Norris JM, Bosward KL, White JD (2012) Clinico-pathological findings associated with feline infectious peritonitis in Sydney, Australia: 42 cases (1990-2002). Aust Vet J 83:666–673.
25. Pedersen N C (2014) An update on feline infectious peritonitis: diagnostics and therapeutics. The veterinary journal 201:133-141.
26. Pedersen NC (2009) A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963–2008. J. Feline Med. Surg. 11:225–258.
27. Pedersen NC (1995) An overview of feline enteric coronavirus and infectious peritonitis virus infections. Feline Practice 23:7–20.
28. Pedersen NC, Allen CE, Lyons LA (2008) Pathogenesis of feline enteric coronavirus infection. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10:529–541.
29. Pedersen NC, Liu H, Dodd KA, Pesavento PA (2009) Significance of coronavirus mutants in feces and diseased tissues of cats suffering from feline infectious peritonitis. Viruses 1:166–184
30. Pedersen NC, Sato R, Foley JE, Poland AM (2004) Common virus infections in cats, before and after being placed in shelters, with emphasis on feline enteric coronavirus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6:83–88.
31. Pedersen NC, Boyle JF, Floyd K (1981) Infection studies in kittens, using feline infectious peritonitis virus propagated in cell culture. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42:363–367.
32. Riemer F, Kuehner KA, Ritz S (2016) Clinical and laboratory features of cats with feline infectious peritonitis - a retrospective study of 231 confirmed cases (2000-2010). J Feline Med Surg 18:348–356.
33. Stranieri A, Giordano A, Paltrinieri, S Giudice C, Cannito V, Lauzi S (2018) Comparison of the performance of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 30:459–463.
34. Vennema H, Poland A, Foley J, Pedersen NC (1998) Feline infectious peritonitis viruses arise by mutation from endemic feline enteric coronaviruses. Virology 243:150–157.
35. Vogel L, Van der Lubben M, teLintelo EG, Bekker, CP Geerts T, Schuijff LS, Grinwis GC, Egberink HF, Rottier PJ (2010) Pathogenic characteristics of persistent feline enteric coronavirus infection in cats. Vet. Res. 41:71–82.
36. Weiss RC, Scott FW (1981) Pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis: nature and development of viraemia, American Journal of Veterinary Research 4:382–390.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Yousuf, J. . ., Bhat, R. A., Dar, S. H., Shafi, A., Irshad, S., Yatoo, M. I., Parrah, J. U., Muhee, A., & Mir, A. Q. (2022). A review on the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. Applied Veterinary Research, 1(1), 2022005. https://doi.org/10.31893/avr.2022005

[1] Addie D, Belak S, Boucraut-Baralon C (2009) Feline infectious peritonitis. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 11:594–604.

[2] Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H (2009) Feline infectious peritonitis. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11:594–604.

[3] Addie DD, le Poder S, Burr, P (2015) Utility of feline coronavirus antibody tests. J Feline Med Surg 17:152–162.

[4] Barker E, Tasker S (2020) Update on feline infectious peritonitis. In Practice 42:372-383.

[5] Bell ET, Malik R, Norris JM (2006) The relationship between the feline coronavirus antibody titre and the age, breed, gender and health status of Australian cats. Aust Vet J 84:2–7.

[6] Bell ET, Toribio JA, White JD (2006) Seroprevalence study of feline coronavirus in owned and feral cats in Sydney, Australia. Aust Vet J 84:74–81.

[7] Boettcher IC, Steinberg T, Matiasek CEG, Hartmann K, Fischer A (2007) Use of anti-corona virus antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis involving the central nervous system. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:199-205.

[8] De Groot-Mijnes JD, Van Dun JM, Van der Most RG, de Groot RJ (2005) Natural history of a recurrent feline coronavirus infection and the role of cellular immunity in survival and disease, Journal of Virology 79:1036–1044

[9] Fischer Y, Sauter-Louis C, Hartmann K (2012) Diagnostic accuracy of the Rivalta test for feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Clin Pathol 41:558–567.

[10] Foley JE, Lapointe JM, Koblik P, Poland A, Pedersen NC (1998) Diagnostic features of clinical neurologic feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Intern Med 12:415-423.

[11] Giori L, Giordano A, Giudice C (2011) Performances of different diagnostic tests for feline infectious peritonitis in challenging clinical cases. J Small Anim Pract 52:152–157.

[12] Gruendl S, Matasek K, Matiasek L, Fischer A, Felten S, Jurina K, Hartmann K (2017) Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid immunocytochemistry for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis manifesting in central nervous system. J Feline Med Surg 19:576-585.

[13] Haagmans BL, Egberink HF, Horzinek MC (1996) Apoptosis and T-cell depletion during feline infectious peritonitis. J Virol 70:8977-8983

[14] Hartmann K, Binder C, Hirschberger J, Cole D, Reinacher M, Schroo S, Frost J, Egberink H, Lutz H, Hermanns W (2003) Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 17:781–790.

[15] Harvey CJ, Lopez JW, Hendrick MJ (1996) An uncommon intestinal manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis: 26 cases (1986-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1117–1120.

[16] Hazuchova K, Held S, Neiger R (2017) Usefulness of acute phase proteins in differentiating between feline infectious peritonitis and other diseases in cats with body cavity effusions. J Feline Med Surg 19:809–816.

[17] Healey EA, Andre NM, Miller AD, Whitaker GR, Berliner EA (2022). Outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in shelter-housed cats: molecular analysis of the feline coronavirus S1/S2 cleavage site consistent with a ‘circulating virulent–avirulent theory’of FIP pathogenesis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 8:20551169221074226.

[18] Kipar A, May H, Menger S, Weber M, Leukert W, Reinacher M (2005) Morphological features and development of granulomatous vasculitis in feline infectious peritonitis, Veterinary Pathology 42:321–330

[19] Kipar A, Meli ML (2014) Feline infectious peritonitis: Still an enigma? Vet. Pathol. 51:505–526.

[20] Levy JK, Hutsell S (2019) MSD veterinary manual: Feline infectoius peritonitis (FIP). USA: Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp.

[21] Meli M, Kipar A, Müller C, Jenal K, Gönczi E-E, Borel N, Gunn-Moore D, Chalmers S, Lin F, Reinacher M, Lutz H (2004) High viral loads despite absence of clinical and pathological findings in cats experimentally infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and in naturally FCoV-infected cats, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6:69–81.

[22] Meli ML, Burr P, Decaro N (2013) Samples with high virus load cause a trend toward lower signal in feline coronavirus antibody tests. J Feline Med Surg 15:295–299.

[23] Negrin A, Lamb CR, Cappello R (2007) Results of magnetic resonance imaging in 14 cats with meningoencephalitis. J Feline Med Surg 9:109–116.

[24] Norris JM, Bosward KL, White JD (2012) Clinico-pathological findings associated with feline infectious peritonitis in Sydney, Australia: 42 cases (1990-2002). Aust Vet J 83:666–673.

[25] Pedersen N C (2014) An update on feline infectious peritonitis: diagnostics and therapeutics. The veterinary journal 201:133-141.

[26] Pedersen NC (2009) A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963–2008. J. Feline Med. Surg. 11:225–258.

[27] Pedersen NC (1995) An overview of feline enteric coronavirus and infectious peritonitis virus infections. Feline Practice 23:7–20.

[28] Pedersen NC, Allen CE, Lyons LA (2008) Pathogenesis of feline enteric coronavirus infection. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10:529–541.

[29] Pedersen NC, Liu H, Dodd KA, Pesavento PA (2009) Significance of coronavirus mutants in feces and diseased tissues of cats suffering from feline infectious peritonitis. Viruses 1:166–184

[30] Pedersen NC, Sato R, Foley JE, Poland AM (2004) Common virus infections in cats, before and after being placed in shelters, with emphasis on feline enteric coronavirus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6:83–88.

[31] Pedersen NC, Boyle JF, Floyd K (1981) Infection studies in kittens, using feline infectious peritonitis virus propagated in cell culture. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42:363–367.

[32] Riemer F, Kuehner KA, Ritz S (2016) Clinical and laboratory features of cats with feline infectious peritonitis - a retrospective study of 231 confirmed cases (2000-2010). J Feline Med Surg 18:348–356.

[33] Stranieri A, Giordano A, Paltrinieri, S Giudice C, Cannito V, Lauzi S (2018) Comparison of the performance of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 30:459–463.

[34] Vennema H, Poland A, Foley J, Pedersen NC (1998) Feline infectious peritonitis viruses arise by mutation from endemic feline enteric coronaviruses. Virology 243:150–157.

[35] Vogel L, Van der Lubben M, teLintelo EG, Bekker, CP Geerts T, Schuijff LS, Grinwis GC, Egberink HF, Rottier PJ (2010) Pathogenic characteristics of persistent feline enteric coronavirus infection in cats. Vet. Res. 41:71–82.

[36] Weiss RC, Scott FW (1981) Pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis: nature and development of viraemia, American Journal of Veterinary Research 4:382–390.

Abstract

References

How to cite